AFROCENTRIC CULTURE BY DESIGN: Egyptian mathematics

Tuesday, February 10, 2009

Egyptian mathematics

Ancient Egyptian Mathematics Much is known about the Ancient Egyptian knowledge of Mathematics because of a document recorded in the second century B.C. by the scribe, Ahmes. The papyrus roll was found in a Thebes ruin and was purchased in 1858 by Henry Rhind. The Ahmes or Rhind Papyrus was later sold to the British Museum.

The references in this papyrus to earlier mathematical concepts, indicate that some of this knowledge may have been handed down from Imhotep, the supervisor of the building of the pyramids around 3,000 B.C.

Calculation of The Ahmes Papyrus , which contains 84 mathematical problems and their solutions, provides a clue to the Ancient Egyptian value for . The Egyptians used a method of assuming a solution and then correcting it known as regula falsi. Using this approach, a comparison was made between the area of a circle and a square.

View the Ancient Egyptian comparison that yields a value for .

Pi Movie (QuickTime 2.6 MEGS)
Pi Movie (AVI)
Pi Movie (MPEG) Based on this method, the ancient Egyptians determined a value for that was 3.1605.

Egyptian Numbers Learn about Egyptian Numbers and test your ability to use them.

Egyptian Mathematics Find out more about Ancient Egyptian Mathematics.

Ahmes Find out more information about the Egyptian scribe.

Hieroglyphics Learn how the Rosetta Stone allowed us to unlock the Egyptian hieroglyphics.

Visit the Cyber Mummy Home Page to find out more information about Ancient Egypt.

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ALKEBULAN-CENTRIC

KEMETIC SCIENCE - The Master Keys to the Study of Ancient Kemet~ 1. Cultural Antiquity and Continuity Starts in Pre-Dynastic Times and Go to 640 A.D. We must remember this when reading or listening to presentations about Kemet. Even those who eventually conquered Kemet adopted its culture. 2. Older is Better. The older architecture is superior to the later works. It's as if the art and discipline was forgotten with time. 3. The Entire Orientation of the Ancient Kamites is Southern. Word for face and South, right and West, left and East, North and back of head are respectively the same. 4. The Origin of the Kamites is Southern. 5. Leadership is Southern. The main leadership that ruled ancient Kemet always came from the South 6. All Invasions Were Destructive. No one donated culture to ancient Kemet. 7. Arabic Migration Mixes with Nubian People in the Kemetic Valley at and After the Time of Muhammad. Arabic people come in from Syria and Assyria in large numbers for the first time as the first large population of settlers after Muhammad. And with Islam, you have the first change in the fundamental culture of Kemet. 8. Science Generated Religion. The ancient Kemetic people got religion by studying aspects of nature. Nature, when viewed systematically, represents "God" anywhere you look. If you keep seeing the same patterns and rules repeated over and over again in nature, you suddenly realize that there is something bigger that you can't grasp that is behind all this. Therefore, you study yourself into religion. The religion that the Kemetic people developed through study is the same religion that others borrowed from the ancient Kamites without study. Science generated religion, it generated philosophy, and it generated general culture (religion was not Sunday). 9. There is No Dualism in Kemetic Culture. Dualism in interpretation philosophically or culturally is a western phenomenon. (Example, Kierkegaard: It's got to be either this or that). The priest was a scientist. No split between a person searching truth through one means and a person seeking it through another. No split between science and religion, the sacred and the secular. ~ (From a lecture given by Dr. Asa G. Hilliard, III, a.k.a. Nana Baffour Amankwatia

Professor Cheikh Anta Diop (1923-1986)

In His Lab , At the University of Dakar. An outstanding Historian, Egyptologist, Philosopher, and Chemist, ---“In this chapter I hope to demonstrate that the origin of the civilization of Egypt (khem) was black African, specifically Ethiopian or Anu . . . The history of Black will remain suspended in air and cannot be written correctly until African historians dare connect it with the history of Egypt. In reviewing Egypt’s beginnings, we find an advanced civilization already intact from the earliest Dynasty. This fact has perplexed historians down through the ages. Common sense dictates that if Egypt began fully mature, then its civilization must have originated elsewhere . . . . [Herodotus] The ‘Father of History’ was told that the first man to rule Egypt was Min, who lived so long ago that Egypt was still under water: ‘in (Min’s) time the whole country, except the district around Thebes, was marsh, none of the land below Lake Moeris, was then showing above water. To this place from the sea [Nowe] is seven days passage up the river . . . . Cheik Anta Diop, The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality (originally published Nations Negres et Culture) 1955 - (Published in English in 1974)

QUEEN NZINGA - Warrior Queen - (1583-1663)

In the sixteenth century, the Portugese position in the slave trade was threatened by England and France. As a result, the Portugese shifted their slave-trading activities to the Congo and South West Africa. Mistaking the title of the ruler (ngola) for the name of the country, the Portugese called the land of the Mbundu people Angola—the name by which it is still known today. Here, the Portugese encountered the brilliant and courageous Queen Nzinga, who was determined never to accept the Portugese conquest of her country. An exceptional stateswoman and military strategist, she harassed the Portugese until her death, at age eighty. She became renowned for the guerilla tactics she employed for resisting the technologically superior Portugese army. She was a brilliant strategist and, although past sixty, led her warriors herself. Never surrendering, she died on December 17, 1663. Her death accelerated the Portugese occupation of the interior of South West Africa, fueled by the massive expansion of the Portugese slave trade.

QUEEN TIYE - 1415-1340 BCE

Born in Nubia, Queen Tiye was the Great Royal Wife of Amenhotep III, mother of Amenhotep IV (later known as Akenhaton), and mother-in-law of Nefertiti. Highly prestigious during the reign of both her husband and son, she exerted her influence as queen consort and queen mother of Egypt over a fifty-year period. In addition, she shaped Egyptian fashion and altered the prevailing view regarding royal women. Married at an early age, her husband fiercely admired her and displayed his love lavishly by building temples and massive statues where she sits by him as an equal, a feat unparalleled in that time; dedicated a number of shrines to her; and even created a monumental artificial lake for her. She was glorified by her husband as "... The most praised, the lady of grace, sweet in her love, who fills the palace with her beauty, the Regent of the North and South, the Great Wife of the King, the lady of both lands..." Wielding her power and taking charge at this juncture in the nation's history, she used her political influence and astute decisions to maintain Egypt's authority. She averted key national crises by becoming Secretary of State when her husband's physical and mental powers deteriorated with age; and redirected political decisions to her attention when her son Akenhaton neglected his political duties while preoccupied with his religious innovation (named the Heretic King, Akenhaton was the first ruler in recorded history to believe in monotheism).

ANCIENT BLACK CHINESE

The Africans or blacks that founded civilization in China were often called li min "black headed people" by the Zhou dynasts. This term has affinity to the Sumero-Akkadian term sag- gig-ga "black headed people". In northern China the blacks founded many civilizations. The three major empires of China were the Xia Dynasty (c.2205-1766 B.C), Shang/ Yin Dynasty (c.1700-1050 B.C) and the Zhou Dynasty.The Zhou dynasty was the first dynasty founded by the Mongoloid people in China called Hua (Who-aa). These li min are associated with the Chinese cultural hero Yao. The founders of Xia and Shang came from the Fertile African Crescent by way of Iran. According to Chinese legends the first man Pan Gu, used a hammer 18,000 years ago to make man. The skeletal remains from southern China are predominately negroid. (Chang 1964, p.70) The people practiced single burials.

MANI TRIBE IN THAILAND

The Chinese legends designate various culture heroes as the inventors of various aspects of Chinese civilization. The Chinese term for emperor is Di. Huang Di (Yellow Emperor), is the Chinese culture hero credited with introducing boats, carts 'chariots, the bow and arrow, ceramics, wooded houses and writing.Chinese civilization began along the Yellow river . Here the soil was fertile and black Chinese farmers grew millet 4000 years ago, and later soybeans. They also raised pigs and cattle. By 3500 B.C., the blacks in China were raising silkworms and making silk.

AFRICA'S OLDEST KNOWN BOAT

8000 years ago, Nigeria. "Africa's oldest known boat" the Dufuna Canoe was discovered near the region of the River Yobe. The Canoe was discovered by a Fulani herdsman in May 1987, in Dufuna Village while digging a well. The canoe’s “almost black wood”, said to be African mahogany, as “entirely an organic material”. Various Radio-Carbon tests conducted in laboratories of reputable Universities in Europe and America indicate that the Canoe is over 8000 years old, thus making it the oldest in Africa and 3rd oldest in the World. Little is known of the period to which the boat belongs, in archaeological terms it is described as an early phase of the Later Stone Age, which began rather more than 12,000 years ago and ended with the appearance of pottery. evidence of an 8,000-year-old tradition of boat building in Africa throws cold water on the assumption that maritime transport developed much later there in comparison with Europe. Peter Breunig of the University of Frankfurt, Germany, an archaeologist involved in the project, says the canoe’s age “forces a reconsideration of Africa’s role in the history of water transport”. It shows, he adds, “that the cultural history of Africa was not determined by Near Eastern and European influences but took its own, in many cases parallel, course”

AFROCENTRIC CULTURE BY DESIGN

Tuesday, February 10, 2009

Egyptian mathematics

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